Menafsir Metafora Dalam Kitab Hosea: Historis Kritis, Feminis, dan Ideologis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21460/gema.2017.22.292Keywords:
metaphor, hitorical criticism, feminist interpretation, social crisis, ideology, dreamed societyAbstract
Abstract
The book of Hosea is one among a few books in the First Testament that gives rise to the diversity of interpretations. The text contains some language problems which prevent clear meaning. Its use of pornographic imagery as metaphor for the wrong doers has also provoked disagreements among the interpreters. Scholars throughout the ages have tried to look for the best way to receive the disturbing metaphor. By relating the Book with some historical circumstances, the metaphor is understood as representation of an historical reality, namely, the unfit leadership of the Israelite and Judahite communities. According to this interpretation, the use of sexual imagery should not bother the readers as it merely serves to convey the harsh criticism towards the community leaders who brought the society into chaos. However, feminist interpreters do not agree with such kind of interpretation. In their view, unravelling the ideology that allows such the use of metaphor that denigrate woman is the main task of interpretation. Their criticism has opened our eyes of how ideology plays siginificant roles in the production of the Book. The story of Hosea and Gomer should not be taken for granted as it results from a certain way of thinking. The view of the writer of the Book, for the feminitsts, is strongly misogynistic that it deserves severe criticism. While criticizing the gender imbalance view of the Book, the feminists seem to forget the main purpose of the metaphor. This writing wants to show that the metaphor is actually intended to alarm the worst socio-political situation. The blame of the socio-political turbulences is put on the shoulder of those whose view differs from that of the writer's. While blaming the opponents, the Book urges the acceptance of a dreamed society of the ideal.
Abstrak
Kitab Hosea adalah salah satu dari kitab-kitab dalam Perjanjian Pertama yang menimbulkan kepelbagaian dalam penafsiran. Teks Hosea mengandung permasalahan bahasa yang mencegah kejelasan makna. Pemakaian gambaran pornografi sebagai metafora bagi mereka yang bersalah juga telah menimbulkan perbedaan pendapat di antara para penafsir. Para ahli dari berbagai zaman telah berusaha mengatasi persoalan-persoalan tersebut. Dengan menghubungkan teks dengan situasi-situasi sejarah, metafora dalam Kitab Hosea dijelaskan sebagai gambaran akan suatu realita sejarah, yaitu para pemimpin Israel dan Yehuda, yang dianggap tidak becus. Menurut model penafsiran yang seperti ini, pemakaian gambaran-gambaran seksual tidak harus mengganggu pembaca karena hal tersebut hanya digunakan sebagai sebuah kritik yang keras terhadap para pemimpin yang dianggap telah menyebabkan kekacauan dalam masyarakat. Tetapi, para penafsir feminis tidak setuju dengan argumentasi tersebut. Bagi mereka, tugas utama penafsiran adalah menguak ideologi yang membuat pemakaian metafora yang merendahkan perempuan itu dianggap sebagai hal biasa saja. Kritik para feminis tersebut membuka mata kita tentang bagaimana ideologi sangat berperan dalam pembuatan Kitab Hosea. Kisah Hosea dan Gomer tidak dapat dianggap sebagai hal yang biasa. Pandangan yang ada dalam Kitab Hosea memperlihatkan sikap misoginis yang perlu dikritik. Tetapi, pada saat melontarkan kritik terhadap pandangan yang tidak seimbang secara gender dari Kitab Hosea, para penafsir feminis justru melupakan tujuan utama dari metafora yang digunakan oleh kitab itu. Tulisan ini hendak memperlihatkan bahwa metafora tersebut bertujuan memperlihatkan sebuah keadaan sosial-politik yang kacau. Kekacauan ini kemudian diletakkan penyebabnya di atas pundak orang-orang yang berseberangan pandangan dengan penulis Kitab Hosea. Sembari melontarkan kesalahan pada para lawan, Kitab Hosea juga mendesakkan sebuah model masyarakat impian yang ideal.
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